Health Protection

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Table of contents

SECTION A: Measles. 3

Q1. Measles Burden and Public Health Impacts: A Case Study of Brazil 3

Q2. Immediate Public Health Response to Suspected Measles Outbreak. 4

Q3. Preventing Measles Transmission: Understanding the Chain. 5

Q4. Managing Measles Outbreaks: Roles & Responsibilities. 6

Q5. Significant Notice: Measles Outbreak Alert 7

References. 9

Section B.. 10

Q1. Air Pollution’s Health Impacts: Brazil 10

Q2. Effective Interventions for Air Pollution Reduction. 11

Q3. Communicating Key Points on Air Quality. 13

References. 15

 

 

 

 

SECTION A: Measles

Q1. Measles Burden and Public Health Impacts: A Case Study of Brazil

Brazil is dealing with a lot of health glitches right now since of measles. Recent outbreaks have demonstrated the glitches the country is having. Even though Brazil has been able to control the disease in the past, there have been a lot of new cases of measles lately, and they are happening in diverse places. Some of the things that have led to this revitalisation are poor vaccination coverage, financial glitches, and gaps in access to medical services (Bae, and Chang, 2021).

In Brazil, there is clear disparity in who is exposed to measles. Some places and groups of individuals are more likely to get it than others. Since of limits on who can get vaccinated and who can watch for sickness, measles often spreads more rapidly in remote or impoverished areas where individuals can’t easily get medical care. Native individuals, like those who live in the Amazon jungle, are especially abandoned since it’s hard for them to get to medical offices and get vaccinations (World Health Organization, 2022).

Alterations in measles effects are made worse by changes in money. Fewer individuals, like those who live in urban ghettos or local areas, are more likely to not be able to get measles since they don’t have access to good medical care, are poor, or haven’t been taught how significant vaccinations are. For instance, when measles spread in Brazil from 2018 to 2019, it mostly affected low-pay networks in states like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, where vaccination rates were not very good (Allington, et al., 2021).

In Brazil, measles outbreaks have long-lasting effects on individuals’ health that go beyond short-term health effects. They stress out medical care resources and mess up regular medical care services. Hospitalisations due to measles glitches put a lot of stress on medical care workers, especially in areas with limited resources. In addition, the costs of responding to an event and setting up medical care add to the present financial glitches.

 

 

Q2. Immediate Public Health Response to Suspected Measles Outbreak

Before a conclusive diagnosis of measles is made, quick steps should be taken to protect the health of the area and stop the disease from spreading:

1. Isolation of Suspected Cases: Any individuals giving side effects predictable with measles ought to be unglued quickly to forestall likely transmission to other individuals. Detachment measures ought to incorporate isolating the one from others and giving proper disease control insurances, like wearing covers and rehearsing respiratory cleanliness (Garfin, Silver, and Holman, 2020).
2. Contact Tracing and Quarantine: Take quick action to get in touch with individuals think may have been unprotected to thought cases, both at school and in the surrounding area. Close contacts, like coworkers, teachers, and family members, should be told to self-quarantine at home for a set amount of time, usually 14 days, to stop any choice gearbox (Hui, et al., 2020).
3. Communication with School and Parents: Tell the elementary school management and parents of students who are enrolled about the cases of measles and the steps being taken to inspect and control the situation. Tell them how to distinguish the symptoms of measles, how to get medical help if they need it, and how to perform preventative steps like washing their hands and breathing properly (Chorus, and Welker, 2021).
4. Enhanced Surveillance and Reporting: Advance research methods to look for more thought cases and make sure responding health professionals at the right time. Medical service providers should be told about the possibility of measles cases and told to report any suspected cases right away so that they can be looked into further.
5. Preventive Measures: Inspire individuals who are qualified but not fully vaccinated or whose status is indistinct to get vaccinated. Give individuals who can’t help themselves measles-containing vaccine (MMR) to aid them build tolerance and stop the disease from spreading. This includes trainees, staff, and close contacts (Chorus, and Welker, 2021).

 

Q3. Preventing Measles Transmission: Understanding the Chain

Measles spreads through a chain of six connections: an attractive expert, a supplier, a doorway of leave, a method of transmission, an entrance of passage, and a vulnerable host. The enticing expert, measles, typically lives in the nasal fumes of infected individuals, acting as a source. The infection leaves the body through nasal beads that come out when cough or hack. These beads act as an entry and exit. In terms of the way of transmission, it can happen through direct touch with nasal beads or unintended contact with dirty surfaces. The infection gets into the body through the mucus membranes of the nasal tract, which act as a doorway for section. It infects weak hosts, especially those that aren’t resilient (Bae, and Chang, 2021).

Helpers should focus on diverse points along the chain of infection to stop the spread of measles:

1. Vaccination: The best way to stop the spread of measles is to get vaccinated. Managing the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine makes defenceless individuals resistant, which breaks the chain of contagion by reducing the number of weak hosts.
2. Isolation and Quarantine: Isolating close contacts and cutting off contact with infected individuals can help break the chain of transmission by stopping contact with nasal releases. This describes it’s not likely that the disease will spread to individuals who can’t get better (Hui, et al., 2020).
3. Respiratory Hygiene: Increasing respiratory hygiene practices, such as hiding coughs and hacks with tissues or elbows, lowers the number of respiratory drops that carry the contagion. This stops the measles from spreading in that area.
4. Hand Hygiene: Regularly washing hands with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand sanitizers gets rid of infection-causing germs from hands and surfaces, making it less likely that they will spread through unintentional touch.
5. Environmental Cleaning: Cleaning surfaces that are often touched, especially in high-risk places like schools and medical offices, makes the illness less likely to stick to the surface and stops regressive transmission (Magill, et al., 2014).

 

Q4. Managing Measles Outbreaks: Roles & Responsibilities

Due to the ongoing measles outbreak, the health insurance team should set up a full management system to stop the infection from dispersal and lessen its impact on the area. Some of the most significant tasks and responsibilities of those answering the episode are:

1. Health Protection Team: The response efforts are led by the health security team, which plans with other partners to carry out control measures. As part of their job, they have to talk to individuals in general and medical care providers, follow up with contacts, observe, and write letters (World Health Organization, 2022).
2. Case Management: Medical service providers are responsible for keeping an eye on confirmed cases of measles. This contains looking for side effects, keeping things in mind all the time, and making sure that the correct amount of space is set up to stop the infection from growing. They are also very significant for helping health professionals understand cases (Magill, et al., 2014).
3. Contact Tracing Team: A dedicated group does contact following to find individuals who may not have been endangered from getting measles (Allington, et al., 2021). Meeting with planned cases and their associates to find possible receptiveness regions and get individuals who are likely to get sick to know them (Greenberg, et al., 2020) is part of this.
4. Public Health Communicators: General health marketers are in charge of getting accurate and timely information about the flare-up out to the community, medical service providers, and other significant partners. To stop the spread of measles, they handle worries, give guidance on how to stay healthy, and boost vaccination rates (Harris, Pritchard, and Rabins, 2018).
5. Vaccination Team: A team working on vaccinations is planning to get more abandoned individuals in the affected area vaccinated. They give MMR antibodies to individuals who are eligible, such as close families of confirmed cases and individuals whose vaccination status is unclear (Kumar, and Goel, 2019).

 

 

 

Q5. Significant Notice: Measles Outbreak Alert

[Date]

Dear

Re: Measles Outbreak Notification

I’m writing to let you know about a new case of measles in our local, specifically at our elementary school. As you may know, some kids between the ages of 5 and 9 have shown symptoms consistent with measles, and tests at the research centre have confirmed cases of measles in two kids who go to our school.

Measles is caused by a very contagious virus that can spread very quickly among individuals who haven’t been vaccine, especially children. A high fever, hacking cough, running nose, and a red rash are common side effects. Individuals who are young, pregnant, or don’t have strong immune systems are more likely to get really sick from measles.

In light of this event, it is significant to take extra precautions to protect our children and the surrounding area. I think you should be careful:

Vaccination: Make sure that all of your child’s shots are up-to-date, including the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) shot. Inoculation is the best way to stop the spread of measles and all of its complications (Garfin, Silver, and Holman, 2020).

Monitoring for Symptoms: A fever, hack, runny nose, and a red rash are all signs that your child might have measles. If any of these side effects happen to your child, if it’s not too much trouble, keep them at home and get medical help right away.

Hygiene Practices: Encourage regular washing of hands with soap and water, especially before eating and after going to the toilet. To stop the spread of respiratory beads, teach your child to cover their mouth and nose with a towel or their elbow when they cough or hack (Kumar, and Goel, 2019).

Evading Close Interaction: should try not to get too close to bizarre individuals, especially those who are showing signs of measles. To do this, need to stay away from crowded places and other individuals as much as possible.

Seeking Medical Advice: As soon as someone thinks that a child has been in close touch with someone who has confirmed having measles or is showing symptoms of measles, they should call a medical care provider right away for more tests and advice (Greenberg, et al., 2020).

We know that this news might be upsetting, but please know that we are doing everything we can to retain our students and staff safe and healthy. Our school and nearby mental health specialists are working composed to set up the right controls and help individuals and families who have been affected.

Please share any other thoughts have about the measles case or how to keep individuals from getting it if it’s not too much worry.

Thank you very much for working with us and serving our nearby school grow.

Sincerely,

[Your Name]

[Position/Title]

 

 

References

Allington, D., Duffy, B., Wessely, S., Dhavan, N. and Rubin, J., 2021. Health-protective behaviour, social media usage and conspiracy belief during the COVID-19 public health emergency. Psychological medicine, 51(10), pp.1763-1769.

Bae, S.Y. and Chang, P.J., 2021. The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards ‘untact’tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020). Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), pp.1017-1035.

Chorus, I. and Welker, M., 2021. Toxic cyanobacteria in water: a guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management (p. 858). Taylor & Francis.

Garfin, D.R., Silver, R.C. and Holman, E.A., 2020. The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health psychology, 39(5), p.355.

Greenberg, N., Docherty, M., Gnanapragasam, S. and Wessely, S., 2020. Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic. bmj, 368.

Harris, C.E., Pritchard, M.S. and Rabins, M.J., 2018. Engineering ethics: Concepts and cases.

Hui, D.S., Azhar, E.I., Madani, T.A., Ntoumi, F., Kock, R., Dar, O., Ippolito, G., Mchugh, T.D., Memish, Z.A., Drosten, C. and Zumla, A., 2020. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health—The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. International journal of infectious diseases, 91, pp.264-266.

Kumar, N. and Goel, N., 2019. Phenolic acids: Environmental versatile molecules with promising therapeutic applications. Biotechnology reports, 24, p.e00370.

Magill, S.S., Edwards, J.R., Bamberg, W., Beldavs, Z.G., Dumyati, G., Kainer, M.A., Lynfield, R., Maloney, M., McAllister-Hollod, L., Nadle, J. and Ray, S.M., 2014. Multistate point-prevalence survey of health care–associated infections. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(13), pp.1198-1208.

World Health Organization, 2022. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: incorporating the first and second addenda. World Health Organization.

Section B

Q1. Air Pollution’s Health Impacts: Brazil

The environmental pollution in Brazil’s air is a key public health problem that affects a lot of individuals all over the country. It usually has an effect on commons health and happiness, both locally and in general.

When individuals in Brazil are briefly exposed to polluted air, it has a lot of bad effects on their health. Undefended people who are exposed to high levels of air poisons, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), often have trouble living and feel tired. Individuals who are weak now, like kids, older persons, and people who have had breathing glitches in the past are especially useless when their subordinate effects get worse. Along with this, temporary openness is linked to more scientific evidence for lung infections and cardiovascular events like heart catastrophe and strokes (Lu, et al., 2015).

Individuals in Brazil who are exposed to polluted air for long periods of time suffer a wide range of dangerous long-term health effects. Investigators who study individuals have found links amid long-term exposure to air pollutants and a number of ongoing contaminants, such as heart diseases, lung infections, and other illnesses. Individuals who breathe in dirty air for long periods of time are likely to get lung illnesses like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Heart illnesses like high blood pressure, ischemic heart disease, and stroke are powerfully linked to long-term exposure to air contamination, which makes the situation dirtier and raises the death rate.

There are a lot of diverse and unclear reasons why the air in Brazil is dirty. Large cities with lots of individuals, modern movement, and car traffic, like São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte, are making a lot of sound around town. High levels of air pollution are caused by modern trash, car fumes, burning wood, and outdoor activities in local areas. Using oil-based products for transportation, energy, and everyday life makes pollution worse and leads to more air poisons (Li, et al., 2019).

Diverse parts of the Brazilian population have diverse levels of exposure to polluted air, which leads to alterations in their health. A lot of the time, financial factors play a large role, and networks that aren’t taken into account carry an unfair share of the health effects of air pollution. Low-paying areas and temporary towns often have higher amounts of air pollution since they are closer to modern buildings, garbage dumps, and busy streets. Also, local systems are at risk of being exposed to air poisons, especially those that are close to areas with gardens or that have been pretentious by forest loss and wildfires (Brown, et al., 2020).

Taking care of the health effects of dirty air in Brazil takes a complicated approach that contains strategy mediations, mechanical developments, and general health drives. Some significant steps that need to be taken are switching to better energy sources, making transportation more environmentally friendly, enforcing tighter emission rules for companies, and refining systems for monitoring air quality and health in general. Also, specific mediations to protect vulnerable groups and reduce gaps in access are necessary to protect everyone’s health and endorse environmental justice in Brazil (Asmundson, and Taylor, 2020).

Q2. Effective Interventions for Air Pollution Reduction

More and more cases of asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) have been found in Sunford, Britain (Sheldon, 2014). To protect everyone’s health, it is significant to use evidence-based treatments to lower the damage caused by polluted air. Drawing on large schemes and best practices, the subsequent ideas can be used in a local setting:

1. Formation of Pollution-Free Zones: Work with local leaders and partners to create pollutant-free zones where kids, the elderly, and other weak individuals are not likely to be unprotected to air pollutants. These areas should focus on spots that are close to homes, schools, and medical offices so that they are less likely to be injured by traffic. Sticking to planned steps, like the UK’s Ideal Air Zones system, can help create unsoiled air zones and make sure air quality values are met (Lundgren, and McMakin, 2018).
2. Promotion of Active Transportation and Sustainable Flexibility: Encourage individuals not to drive their own cars and instead walk, ride bikes, or use public transportation. This will get rid of gridlocks and the release of contaminants. Putting in place things that encourage active transportation, like bike lanes and systems that make it easier for individuals to cross the street, can inspire individuals to use better and more environmental ways to get around. Additionally, adding improvements to public transport like longer routes and more common service can also lower the need for private cars and lower air pollution levels (Amirthalingam, et al., 2014).
3. Greening Initiatives and Urban Planning: Plant trees, create green areas, and remove plants from the side of the road as part of green foundation projects to progress the air quality and lessen the harmful effects of air pollution. Counting plans that focus on green areas in the planning and development of cities can help recover air quality, lower the effects of heat islands, and make cities more liveable overall. Also, incorporating green infrastructure into city planning efforts is in line with public plans that support sustainable city events and environmental protection (Amirthalingam, et al., 2014).
4. Enhanced Air Quality Monitoring and Public Awareness: Recover Sunford’s air quality monitoring systems to get a better idea of pollution levels and find places with a lot of open space. Spend money on setting up monitoring stations with constant monitors that can give accurate info on air quality indicators like ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM2.5), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Spread this information to as many individuals as possible through the internet, community service efforts, and educational projects. This will bring consideration to the health risks of breathing in dirty air and encourage individuals to take action to protect themselves (Lu, et al., 2015).
5. Collaboration and Policy Integration: Encourage local government offices, medical service providers, community groups, and support groups to work together to plan and carry out a plan for dealing with medical issues caused by air pollution. Include thinking about air quality in bigger health plans and strategies, like the leaders’ programmes for individuals with asthma and COPD, to make sure that all of the health effects of dirty air are taken into interpretation (Li, et al., 2019).

 

Q3. Communicating Key Points on Air Quality

Key Points to Communicate:

1. Health Risks Associated with Air Pollution:

Some of the health glitches that can happen since of dirty air are breathing glitches, heart problems, and dying too soon. Groups that are already weak, like young children and the elderly, are more likely to get sick since their immune systems aren’t as strong yet. Being exposed to pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) can make breathing glitches like asthma and COPD worse and also raise the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Defensive these weak groups are very significant, and needs to be done quickly to lower the risk of infection and the health glitches that come with it (Sheldon, 2014).

2. Air Quality Guidelines for Particulate Matter:

Instructions about air pollution set by groups like the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the European Union (EU) are significant for protecting everyone’s health. Since PM2.5 and PM10 have such a large effect on health, these rules set satisfactory limits for these levels of particulate matter (PM). In fact, being exposed to PM can cause breathing and heart glitches even at low quantities, so regular observation is very significant. These rules must be followed in order to lower the health risks associated with air pollution and protect network performance (Asmundson, and Taylor, 2020).

3. Methods for Monitoring Air Quality:

Solid systems for checking the quality of the air are very significant for finding out how polluted the air is and how to recover individuals’ health. There are a number of diverse methods used, such as fixed observation points, movable units, and systems based on satellites. It’s significant to keep checking information so that it’s useful to everyone and assistances individuals make decisions about how to proceed. These systems let experts find areas of concern for contamination, keep an eye on long-term trends, and take specific steps to lessen the harmful effects of air pollution on health. Networks can actually check the quality of the air and find positive ways to protect everyone’s health by using diverse observation methods (Brown, et al., 2020).

 

 

4. Proposed Interventions by Sunford Council:

To protect individuals’ health and stop air pollution from getting worse, the Sunford Committee is taking action. Among the recommended solutions are taking steps to reduce pollution, like promoting clean transportation, creating areas free of pollution, and investing in green infrastructure. Improving systems for monitoring air quality is necessary to get a clear picture of pollution levels and find trouble spots. Working composed with associates, such as local groups and government agencies, will aid with the planning and carrying out of large-scale air quality management approaches. Also, state-funded training programmes will raise awareness about the health risks of dirty air and encourage individuals to change their behaviour to make things less open (Lundgren, and McMakin, 2018).

 

 

References

Amirthalingam, G., Andrews, N., Campbell, H., Ribeiro, S., Kara, E., Donegan, K., Fry, N.K., Miller, E. and Ramsay, M., 2014. Effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination in England: an observational study. The Lancet, 384(9953), pp.1521-1528.

Asmundson, G.J. and Taylor, S., 2020. How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. Journal of anxiety disorders, 71, p.102211.

Brown, S.M., Doom, J.R., Lechuga-Peña, S., Watamura, S.E. and Koppels, T., 2020. Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Child abuse & neglect, 110, p.104699.

Li, P., Li, J., Feng, X., Li, J., Hao, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, H., Yin, A., Zhou, J., Ma, X. and Wang, B., 2019. Metal-organic frameworks with photocatalytic bactericidal activity for integrated air cleaning. Nature communications, 10(1), p.2177.

Lu, Y., Song, S., Wang, R., Liu, Z., Meng, J., Sweetman, A.J., Jenkins, A., Ferrier, R.C., Li, H., Luo, W. and Wang, T., 2015. Impacts of soil and water pollution on food safety and health risks in China. Environment international, 77, pp.5-15.

Lundgren, R.E. and McMakin, A.H., 2018. Risk communication: A handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks. John Wiley & Sons.

Sheldon, R.A., 2014. Green and sustainable manufacture of chemicals from biomass: state of the art. Green Chemistry, 16(3), pp.950-963.